Bonobos Maintain Immune System Diversity with Three Functional Types of MHC-B

MHC IIB Genetic Diversity and its Association With Humoral Immune Responses in Commercial Turkey

Background: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the best characterized genetic regions controlling immune responses against vaccines. Identifying the association between MHC haplotypes and improved immune responses would be useful in genetic breeding strategies in animals. OBJECTIVES: MHC class II B genetic diversity and its association with humoral immune responses against Newcast...

Diversity of the Immune system

Diversity is a hallmark of the immune system. The repertoires of B cells and of CD4 and CD8 T cells each consist of more than 108 different clonotypes each characterized by a unique receptor. Each immune response is characterized by a large panel of different cytokines with –partly overlapping– functions. Each individual is characterized by a unique combination of MHC molecules that play an ess...

Ruminal Kinetics of Nutrients Degradation, Hydration, and Functional Specific Gravity of Three Types of Beet Pulp

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relationships between nutrients degradability, kinetics of hydration, functional specific gravity (FSG) of the three types of beet pulp (BP) including fine (FBP), normal (NBP) and pelleted (PBP) BP. In experiment 1, about 3 g of samples was weighed in sealed nylon bags (6 cm×7.5 cm, 40±5 µm pore size), incubated in rumen of two cannulated Holstein ...

Low nucleotide diversity in chimpanzees and bonobos.

Comparison of the levels of nucleotide diversity in humans and apes may provide much insight into the mechanisms of maintenance of DNA polymorphism and the demographic history of these organisms. In the past, abundant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism data indicated that nucleotide diversity (pi) is more than threefold higher in chimpanzees than in humans. Furthermore, it has recently been...

Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos